Malik Vaughn's Reading Topic Thread

[Malik_Vaughn]

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[Malik_Vaughn]

What are the conflicting interpretations of justice found in the play?
The play displays an act of civil disobedience between Antigone and Ismene's views of the burial of her brothers. Ismene tells Antigone to disregard giving there brothers a proper burial. (which, as per the ruler's most recent law, is a demonstration deserving of death) and to rather wed the lord's dreamy child and live joyfully ever after. Antigone isn't eager to overlook her sibling. She sees covering her sibling as an ethical basic, which supersedes human-made laws. What's more she's by all account not the only individual who has boldly put ethics over state laws.
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Malik_Vaughn
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[Malik_Vaughn]

The Code of Hammurabi is an overall safeguarded Babylonian law code of aged Mesopotamia, going over to around 1772 BC. It is one of the most seasoned deciphered works of noteworthy length on the planet. The sixth Babylonian ruler, Hammurabi, sanctioned the code, and incomplete duplicates exist on a human-sized stone stele and different mud tablets. The Code comprises of 282 laws, with scaled disciplines, conforming "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" as evaluated relying upon economic wellbeing, of slave versus free man. Nearly one-a large portion of the Code manages matters of agreement, creating, for instance, the wages to be paid to a bull driver or a specialist. Different procurements set the terms of a transaction, making the obligation of a developer for a house that crumples, for instance, or property that is harmed while left being taken care of by an alternate. A third of the code locations issues concerning family and family connections, for example, legacy, separation, paternity and sexual conduct. Stand out procurement seems to force commitments on an authority; this procurement creates that a judge who achieves an off base choice is to be fined and expelled from the seat permanently. A scoop of procurements location issues identified with military administration.

[Malik_Vaughn]

The biologos article covered many aspects of ancient living through similarities and differences of creation accounts.

[Malik_Vaughn]

This reading covers God's cover the events taking place in Egypt. The ten commandments. The reading discusses the 40 years the Israelites lived in the desert. Most importantly the covenant God made with Abraham. The Abrahamic Covenant is an unrestricted contract. God made guarantees to Abraham that obliged nothing of Abraham. Genesis 15:18-21 portrays an a piece of the Abrahamic Covenant, particularly managing the land God guaranteed to Abraham and his relatives.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Herodotus, was a greek man who wrote about the wars of the Grecians and Persians. Herodotus published "The History" in 440 B.C. In the passage there is a conversation between the Persians about what form of government they desire. They debated over should they convert to a oligarchy, aristocracy, democracy, or remain with a monarchy. The men reflected on the pros and cons of each form of government, to then wisely choose the most effective choice. The men saught to not change the laws of there fore-fathers. In an attempt to conserve old principles the men choose to remain with a monarchy form of government. But one man chose to remain free from the rule of the monarchy, this man was Otanes.

[Malik_Vaughn]

This passage is a retelling of Pericles' speech in 421 BC. He discusses the events that took place in the Pelopennesian war, from his point of view. His speech took place at the annual funeral for the dead Athenian warriors. Pericles starts by praising the courage and braveness of his peoples ancestors. Then he praises the dead showing his sympathy for them. His speech is overall patriotic, his vigorous support for his people was greatly expressed.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Shang Dynasty/     Huang He Valley

Shang Dynasty/  Huang He Valley ~1760’s BCE – 1120’s BCE
- Most isolated: Deserts, mountains, seas
- Trade: Southwest and South Asia
- Shang dynasty was earliest to leave written records
- Technology: bronze (from Mesopotamia by means of migrations), ironworking (~1000 BCE)
- Flooding of Huang He led to irrigation projects which called for the development of central rule, strengthening Shang power
- Walled cities along river served as cultural, military and economic centers
- Rulers built elaborate palaces and tombs
- Early writing used on oracle bones
- Social classes: rulers, artisans, peasants, slaves
- Patriarchal, although prior to Shang rule Chinese society was matrilineal
- Ancestor veneration
- Shang fell to Zhou: mandate of heaven called for an end to Shang rule, Zhou continued trend of centralization of government

Classical Chinese Dynasty Specific Characteristics Significance
Zhou - 1029 – 258 BCE
- used mandate of heaven to claim authority
- worked to centralize the government
- expanded territory to the south (Yangtze River Valley
- rulers (emperors) referred to themselves as Sons of Heaven
- standardized spoken language - increasingly centralized government with growing bureaucracy
- expanding influence to include most of east and southeast Asia
- increase in production of luxury goods, such as silk
- increase in trade along Silk Roads
- most advanced classical civilization, especially in terms of technology
- basis of tradition established: patriarchy and government rule based on Confucian values

Qin - 221 – 202 BCE
- dynasty name gave name to country
- expanded territory to the south (northern Vietnam)
- construction of the Great Wall
- standardized: weights, measures, money, written language
- silk production encouraged and increased
- construction of new roads

Han -200 BCE – 220 CE
- bureaucracy strengthened
- expanded territory south and west (central Asia, Korea, Indochina)
- civil service exams based on Confucian values
- trade increased (Silk Roads)
- relative time of peace
- patriarchy strengthened
- technology: iron production, canals, irrigation systems, ox-drawn plows, collar for beasts of burden, paper manufacture, water-power mills
- social structure: elites, peasants, artisans, unskilled laborers

[sigdor3]

Malik,

Your source analysis is good, but your study guide is rather brief. You need to consider this: if you were to get an essay question asking you about Han China, would have enough there to answer the question clearly and succinctly?

[Malik_Vaughn]

The Crito records the discussion that occurred in the jail where Socrates was kept anticipating his execution. It is as a dialog in the middle of Socrates and Crito, an elderly Athenian who for a long time has been a committed companion of Socrates and a firm devotee to his moral teachings. The discussion happens at an early hour on what turned out to be the alongside the-most recent day that Socrates stayed alive. In the Crito, specific consideration is given to the reasons progressed by Socrates for declining to escape from jail as a method for sparing his life. The circumstances were such that he may effortlessly have done in this way, and his companions were urging him to do it. The Crito was written in 360 B.C.

[Malik_Vaughn]

After a religious celebration, Socrates is welcome to the place of a rich dealer named Cephalus. There, Socrates joins an examination with Cephalus, Polemarchus, Glaucon, Adeimantus, and the Sophist Thrasymachus about the way of equity. Socrates soon demonstrates that Cephalus and Polemarchus' origination of equity as coming clean and paying what is owed is lacking, and he similarly refutes Thrasymachus' conviction that equity is just whatever is of most focal point to the stronger individual or individuals. Yet Socrates does not state what his concept of equity is. Rather, he proposes to "make" a perfect city that will demonstrate equity on an expansive scale. When they have characterized a recently city, Socrates accepts, they'll have the capacity to analyze equity in a single person.

Socrates' perfect city relies on upon instruction, specialization, and social structures that characterize family, conduct, and faithfulness to the city. Every individual will represent considerable authority in a particular occupation, an occupation that is picked for them by the city focused around their aptitudes and capacities as kids. Instruction, particularly of the gatekeepers who will work as watchmen or fighters and also rulers, is the way to the achievement of the city. Imitative writing in which the writer makes the voices of distinctive characters, "copying" human conduct, is illegal. Writing must reflect just great conduct. The individuals who will be workers or experts will structure the "maker" class. The best of the gatekeepers are given custom curriculum to equip them to run the show. The others from the starting gathering of gatekeepers will turn into the warriors for the city. Wives and offspring of the gatekeepers are held in like manner. The rulers will lead exceptionally basic lives, prohibited to touch gold or silver or to possess property. Their day by day needs will be met by alternate inhabitants of the city with the goal that watchmen can administer without diversion.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Classical India Specific characteristics Significance
Aryan India~1500 BCE, Aryans invade Vedas: oral stories brought by Aryans, later written in Sanskrit
-Vedic Age: early classical India (1500-1000 BCE)
-Epic Age: period when great epics, such as the Ramayana, were created (1000-600 BCE)
-Upanishads: basis for Hindu religion, collection of religious poems based on the Vedas patriarchy
-social structure: distinctive/defined class system with Aryans on top, Dravidians (native Indians) below; largely based on ethnicity and complexion of skin (lighter-skinned Aryans vs. darker-skinned Dravidians); during Epic Age, Priests (Brahmins) became more important than the warrior/ruler class; untouchables = those outside of the social class system who performed “undesirable” jobs; gradually became a very rigid caste system
-Religion: Aryans imposed their polytheistic beliefs which gradually blended with indigenous beliefs to form Hinduism
- Aryans had huge influence over region, and their traditions and customs continue to influence India today
-Development of Hinduism and Buddhism
-Pattern: Periods of flourishing, united civilization followed by disintegration of the kingdom and fall to outside invaders
-Caste system: increasingly rigid and defined throughout the classical time period
-increase in trade, especially along Silk Roads
-Pattern: dramatic increases in technological and scientific discoveries, which had enormous impact as these ideas spread to the West



Mauryan Dynasty- 322 BCE – 230 BCE
-After Epic Age, India divided into 16 states, with Magadha the strongest
-Chandragupta founds Mauryan dynasty
-large army, united almost all of Indian subcontinent
-large bureaucracy established
-Ashoka (grandson of Chandragupta) known for ruthless conquering of India, later converted to Buddhism and helped spread Buddhism along the roads of India
-construction of roads that connected to China’s Silk Roads
-After Ashoka’s death, kingdom divided again and invaders from the North ruled India until the Gupta’s rose to power
Gupta Dynasty-320 CE – 550 CE
-Hindu rulers, reinforcement of Hindu values, but Buddhism was tolerated
-local rulers retained control over local territories, provided they complied with Gupta law
-Religion: solidification of Hindu values and traditions, construction of Hindu temples; Buddhism spread through urban monasteries
-Patriarchy: women gradually lost status and privileges, married at younger age, sati (widow suicide by burning)
-Sanskrit becomes language of educated
-Technology/discoveries: zero as placeholder, Arabic numerals, decimal system, knowledge of astronomy, knowledge of surgical procedures and the prevention of illnesses
-Trade: increase in volume of trade, especially with the East

[Malik_Vaughn]

Aristotle infers that "man is a political creature": we can just attain the great life by living as nationals in a state. In talking about the financial relations that hold inside a city-state, Aristotle shields the foundation of private property, denounces unreasonable a free market system, and famously safeguards the organization of bondage. Before displaying his own particular perspectives, Aristotle examines different hypothetical and real models present at his time. Specifically, he dispatches extensive assaults on Plato's Republic and Laws, which most analysts discover unsatisfying and off the imprint, and in addition scrutinizing other contemporary logicians and the constitutions of Sparta, Crete, and Carthage.

Aristotle recognizes citizenship with the holding of open office and organization of equity and claims that the character of a city rests in its constitution. On account of an upset, where the citizenship and constitution change, a city's character progressions, thus it can't be considered in charge of its activities before the unrest. The Politics was written in 350 B.C.

[Malik_Vaughn]

A. Mansa Musa – crossed Sahara on hajj
1. wealth symbolized potential of Africa
B. Sub-sahara never totally isolated
1. But…for periods contact was difficult and intermittent
C. Changes came from
1. Arrival of Muhammad followers
a. Commercial and military attributes
b. changed by Islam, but retained individuality
c. African culture not united
d. provided major external contact between sub-Saharan Africa and world
D. State building
1. Mali, Songhay – created more from military power than ethnic/cultural unity
2. Merchant city states on west/East coast
3. Portugese in 15th century brought Africans into world economy more
4. Bantu migration continued
5. Societies don’t build so much on previous civilizations

II. African Societies: Diversities and Similarities
A. Introduction
1. Diverse – large centralized states to stateless societies
a. Differences in geography, language, religion, politics
2. Universalistic faiths penetrated continent
b. but…universal states/religions don’t characterize history
B. Stateless societies
1. organized around kinship and other forms of obligation
2. council of families
a. or…secret societies of men/women
3. little concentration of authority
a. government – not a full-time job
b. after internal dispute, you can always leave and form new village
4. Unable to
a. mobilize for war
b. organize large building projects
c. create stable conditions for long distance trade
C. Common Elements in African Societies
1. Even though different, similarities existed
a. language – Bantu migration
b. thought
c. religion – animistic religion
1. power of natural forces
2. ritual and worship
3. dancing, drumming, divination, and sacrifice
4. witchcraft
5. cosmology – how universe worked
6. belief in creator deity
7. saw selves as first settlers, land meant more than economic usefulness
8. link of deceased ancestors
2. Economies
a. North Africa – fully involved in Mediterranean trade – quite different than rest
b. Settled agriculture and skilled metalwork had spread
c. Market life key for men and women
d. Professional merchants controlled trade
3. Population – least known – by 1500 – 30 to 60 million people
D. Arrival of Islam
1. Land conquered and reconquered by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals
a. Cyrene and Carthage became huge trading centers
2. 640-700 CE – Muslim followers spread across Africa
a. by 670, controlled Ifriqiya – Tunisia > Africa
1. Arabs called n.east Arica > Ifriqiya and west – Maghrib
b. When Abbasid dynasty united – many conversions
3. 11th century – Almoravids – ultra-conservative - reformers
a. launched jihad – holy war to purify, spread, protect faith
b. Almohadis – also reformers
1. Return to original teachings of Muhammad
4. Why attractive?
a. Egalitarian teachings – all Muslims are equally
b. Reinforced African kings authority
c. Equal footing with Arab invaders
d. …but
1. Disparity between law and practice
E. The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia
1. Islands of Christianity left behind
2. Christian Egyptians – Copts
a. Traded with Byzantine Empire
b. Eventually split with empire – doctrinal and political issues
1. What differences
c. Muslim invaders allowed them to keep religion – tolerance
1. Met resistance in Kush/Nubia – couldn’t push Islam further
3. Axum > Ethiopia – most important African Christian outpost
a. Cut off, surrounded by pagans, influenced by Jewish/pagan immigrants
b. Dynasty appeared – build rock sculptures
c. Traced origins to marriage of Solomon and Sheba – Bible
d. Maintained its brand of Christianity – isolated
e. in 1542 Portugese expedition pushed back Muslim invaders
1. But…couldn’t push Catholic faith, remained isolated

III. Kingdoms of the Grasslands
A. Introduction
1. Three coasts – Atlantic, Indian, savanna on edge of Sahara
2. Edge of desert
1. Gold found
2. Camels improved trade
a. Sahel – grassland belt – best place to live – centers of trade
3. African states emerge as trade intermediaries
4. Location makes them open to droughts and attack
5. 10th century Ghana rose to power through taxing salt, gold exchange
B. Sudanic States
1. Patriarch or council of elders
a. Power over subordinate communities
1. Collect taxes, tribute, military support
b. States emerge – Ghana, Mali, Songhay
2. Rulers separated from commoners through ritual – think “mandate of heaven”
C. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince”
1. Mali – 13th century – Malinke broke away from Ghana
a. Rulers supported Islam – encouraged obedience to ruler
1. built mosques
2. attended public prayers
3. supported preachers
b. juula – traders
c. Sundiata – Sunjata – brilliant leader
1. Lion Prince – expaned Mali
2. Originator of social arrangements – divided into clans – castelike
a. 16 free to bear arms, 5 religious, 4 blacksmiths
3. Created peace through loyalty, severely punished crimes
a. Security of traders key to survival
b. Ibn Batuta – Arab traveler – noted impressive security
d. Mansa Musa – 1324 trip to Mecca – awesome, impressive
1. passed out gold – devalued
2. brought back Ishak al-Sahili architect – great Mosque of Jenne
D. City Dwellers and Villagers
1. Cities flourished – Timbuktu and Jenne
a. Mosque, library, university
b. Book trade
c. Difficult life – soil sandy and shallow
1. Clearing land done communally
2. Polygamy for the purpose of having more labor
d. irrigation in Timbuktu
E. The Songhay Kingdom – middle Niger Valley
1. “masters of the soil” and “masters of the waters”
2. 1370, Songhay broke from Mali – gold trade
3. Sunni Ali – ruthless, tactical commander
a. Expanded borders, created administration
4. Mid-16th century Songhay dominated Sudan
5. Familiar pattern – created unique brand of Islam
a. pagan/Muslim beliefs both believed
1. fusion, priests still need to work with local spirits
b. local interpretation of Muslim law
c. woman mixed freely in public, no veil
6. Downfall when Muslim army from Morocco came down > this led to revolts
7. Muslim role in city
a. Came as merchants – joined communities
b. Though minorities, became elite
1. Located throughout west Africa, but no Islamicized state
c. Intermarriage took place
F. Political and Social Life
1. Large states represented goals of elite family/group
2. Islam served many groups
a. Common religion/law united
b. Trust to merchants
c. leaders took names emir/caliph to reinforce authority
d. as advisors/scribes – Muslims helped with administration
e. maintained theocracy – spiritual and political leader
f. with new states came increased social differences
3. Adjustment
a. Women
1. Many societies matrilineal
a. But…Sharia…Islamic law says it must be patrilineal
b. Many visitors shocked at African women’s equality
2. Impact of slavery – 4.8 > 7 million traded
a. Always existed, Muslims brought it to new heights
1. Muslims saw slavery as process in conversion
b. Used as servants, laborers, soldiers, administrators, eunuchs, concubines
1. Led to desire to enslave women and children
2. Children of slave mothers freed
a. Need for more slaves

IV. The Swahili Coast of East Africa
A. Introduction
1. Indian Ocean coast – center for Islamic influence
a. string of Islamicized trading cities – why?
1. universal set of ethics
2. maritime contacts easier
2. Compromise between indigenous ways and new faith
B. The Coastal Trading Port
1. Founding – Bantu people from 1st century to 10th century
a. Even Indonesia and Malay in 2nd century- bananas/coconuts on Madagascar
b. Fishers, farmers made rough pottery & iron
2. 13th century – urbanized trading ports – at least 30 port towns
a. Shared Swahili language
b. Contained mosques, tombs, palaces cut of stone and coral
c. Exported ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals
d. Imported silks – Persia, porcelain – China
e. Sofala – beautiful coastal city, gold access, furthers south to catch monsoon
1. Riding the monsoon season key to trading in Indian Ocean]
f. link to coastal commerce and caravan trade
g. Chinese sailing expeditions – 1417 > 1431 – big boats – National Geographic
C. Mixture of Cultures – Islam fused with local religions – not entirely accepted
1. 13th century – great Islamic expansion
a. Trust and law to facilitate trade
b. Ruling families built mosques and palaces
c. Claimed to be descendants of Persian ruling familes
1. Gave rule legitimacy
d. Rulers and merchants Muslim, but others retained beliefs
2. Swahili language – Bantu + Arabic words
a. Arabic script used
3. Islam didn’t penetrate internally
a. Class based
4. Women – some still were matrilineal, some patrilineal
5. 1500 Portuges arrive
a. Wanted to control gold trade
b. Established Fort Jesus, but couldn’t control trade

V. Peoples of the Forest and Plains
A. Introduction
1. Internally – following own trajectories independently
a. Some herding, some agricultural
b. Some small villages, some larger states
2. Most preliterate – knowledge, skills, traditions through oral methods
a. But…could still make strides in arts, building and statecraft
B. Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin
1. Nigeria, Nok
a. Terra cotta/bronze realistic/stylized art
1. portrait heads of rulers
b. Long gap in history
2. Yoruba
a. Agricultural society led by ruling family/aristocracy
b. City Ile-Ife
c. Spoke non-Bantu language
d. Small city-states, regional kings
e. Urbanized nature similar to city-states of Italy/Germany
3. Benin – Edo peoples
a. Ivory/bronze art – sculptures
1. Some even included Portugese soldiers
b. Ruler in large royal compound
C. Central African Kingdoms
1. South of rain forest near Lake Victoria
2. State formation replaced kinship based societies
a. Rituals reinforced ruler’s power
b. Luba peoples - believed leaders controlled fertility of humans/agricult.
D. The Kingdom of Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
1. Kongo
a. Art – weaving, pottery, blacksmithing
b. Sharp division of labor
2. Farther east – Bantu confederation – built royal courts of stone
a. zimbabwes – stone houses – Great Zimbabwe most famous
1. Some even believed Phoenicians – prejudices
b. Mwene Mutapa
1. Controlled gold, glass beads, porcelain trade
2. Iron weapons

VI. Global Connections
A. Reality – more written records in Sudanic states and Swahili coast – Islam
B. Synthesis of African/Islamic values changed some Africans lives
C. Portugese arrived in 15th century
D. Muslims and Portugese intensified trade of ivory, slaves and gold
1. Widened trade and global relations

[Malik_Vaughn]

Judaism is based around the thought that God is preeminent. Jewish history starts with the contract secured in the middle of God and Abraham around 1812 BC, amid the Bronze Age, in the Middle East. Abraham is a focal figure in Judaism, being viewed as the Patriarch and begetter of the Jewish individuals. Under God's direction, the Jews turned into an effective country with rulers, for example, Saul, David, and Solomon, who manufactured the first Temple. In this way, this was the site around which Jewish love was focused. The Temple contained the Ark of the Covenant, and was the restrictive site for specific religious ceremonies. Judaism is truly a family faith and the ceremonies begin early, when a Jewish baby boy is circumcised at eight days old, after the guidelines that God provided for Abraham around 4,000 years back.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Olmecs
When: 1200-500 B.C.E
Where: southeastern coast of Mesoamerica/Tabasco
Political System: ruled by hereditary elite
Economy: agriculture
Culture: grew Maize; stone heads; vigesimal numerical system (20); unknown language; both decorative and functional art;
Religion: ritual cycle
Inventions: impressive settlements; drainage systems; monumental sculpture; urbanism; calendar and writing systems; mobility of stones weighing tons

Maya
When: 300-900 AD
Where: Mesoamerica
Government: elite people ruled
Religion: many deities, dualism

The Chavín culture in Peru is thought to have been primarily a religious cult. The culture apparently began in the Andes highlands and then spread outward throughout the country. The Chavín culture has very distinctive art styles, particularly in effigy pots, a number of which were in feline shapes. Chavin de Huantar was an important ritual centre for Chavin Culture, dating to around 1,500 BC.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Polybius was, whilst a Greek student of history, a Roman antiquarian, in that his work managed clarifying how Rome came to be so incredible. Like the three Classical Greek Historians, Polybius himself had individual encounters and investigation into what he was learning at a level that included and went past perusing parchments and journals put away in a library.

With Thucydides it may be contended that the pivotal occasions throughout his life that served to make the history that he composed were his generalship and afterward later his outcast, which would presumably have permitted him to better evaluate the war from both the Spartan and also Athenian side. Polybius himself presumably had some idea of military ways; when he was around thirty he was chosen as hipparchus (cavalry general) and was additionally at this point supporting the autonomy of his home, Megalopolis. On the other hand, Polybius' most vital turning point was when, matured around thirty (c. 167 BC), he was taken as a political captive to Rome, after his father (Lycortas) staying nonpartisan in Rome's war against the Macedonian Perseus: Polybius was one of one thousand noticeable Achaeans taken to Rome.

In Rome Polybius turned into the obligation of Aemilius Paulus, a Roman of the most astounding refinement who had himself headed the Romans to triumph in the third Macedonian war. Polybius was then tasked by Aemilius Paulus with the training of his kids, Fabius and Scipio. Polybius would stay on neighborly terms with the last as he rose to power, reaching a state of perfection in the occasions of 146 BC, the sack of Carthage, and of Corinth. All things considered Polybius, whilst initially hostile to Roman, approached light of the Latins, and the whole time picked up an incredible measure of direct encounter into the running of the Republic, an illustration of which can be seen in his depiction of the format of the Roman armed force at 6.19-42.

The occasions in Polybius' Histories compass 118 years from 264- 146 BC. Initially the work managed occasions up to 167 BC, however in the wake of witnessnessing the occasions 146 BC, Polybius later included them in his story.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Cicero was without a doubt the best speaker of his day, and it is credit to him that his first surviving discourse was made against Hortensius, who was the best speaker in Rome until Cicero made his name there. Nonetheless, it is intriguing to note that Cicero, whilst he had been a fruitful statesman, had significant influence in the political turmoil toward the end of the Republic, his legacy is truly social, particularly the commitments that his interpretations of rationality had on the improvement of Latin. He was conceived on the sixth January 106 BCE at either Arpinum or Sora, 70 miles south-east of Rome, in the Volscian mountains. At the point when the second triumvirate had come without hesitation between Octavian, Lepidus and Antony, as a consequence of Cicero's purposeful publicity against Antony as his Philippics, Cicero's name was on the first rundown of individuals that Antony had put down for prohibitions. As Cicero attempted to escape the inexorable he was gotten by Antony's men and strikingly acknowledged his execution. Both his hands and head were put on showcase on the Rostra in Rome; a bleak completion of a splendid man's life that accentuates the fierceness of the governmental issues at end of the Roman Republic. With the demise of Cicero, so started his legacy.

[Malik_Vaughn]

Famous as of now with the fighters of his armed force, the title Augustus set his energy in the areas as Imperator, or president (from which the English word "ruler" is determined). The month of August was named in his honor. In the year 19 BCE, he was given Imperium Maius (incomparable force) over every territory in the Roman Empire and, from that time on, Augustus Caesar managed remarkably, the first sovereign of Rome and the measure by which all later rulers would be judged. By 2 BCE Augustus was announced Pater Patriae, the father of his nation. Augustus passed on at Nola in 14 CE. His authority last words were, "I discovered Rome a city of earth yet left it a city of marble" which appropriately portrays Augustus' accomplishments amid his rule as sovereign. As indicated by his wife Livia and his received child Tiberius, nonetheless, his last words were really, "Have I filled the role well? At that point hail as I passageway." Augustus' body was gotten again to Rome state and, upon the arrival of the memorial service, all organizations in Rome finished off of appreciation for the ruler. He was succeeded by Tiberius who he had received in 4 BCE and who read the commendation (alongside his child, Drusus) at Augustus' broadly excellent burial service. The ruler's body was burned and his powder buried in his mausoleum. Augustus' passing was grieved as the departure of an incredible leader of huge ability and vision. what's more he was noted a divine being among the host of the Roman pantheon.

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